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The Republic of Venezuela or Fourth Republic is the denomination that receives this country from the end of the dictatorship of the General Marcos Pérez Jiménez in 1958 until the apparition of the 1999 Constituent Assembly that drafted a new constitution, being born like this the called Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela or Fifth Republic. This period is characterised by the political alternation established in the Pact of Punto Fijo, the nationalisation of the oil in 1976 and thus, the birth of PDVSA. The socioeconomic conditions give step to new social elites. In the international field, Venezuela turns into founder member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). During the years 80´s of this period characterised by the flowering of the art, the culture and artistic development of the nation in the distinct means, being the widest the TV. Pioneering media like RCTV do famous the south american country with soap operas of international success, like ''Kassandra''. == History == After the military coup d'état of 23 January 1958, and the consecutive escaped of the General Marcos Pérez Jiménez; with this act the country turned into a democratic nation. With the signature of the Pact of Punto Fijo and the consecutive free elections, resulted elect Rómulo Betancourt. In his government did not award more grantings to oil multinationals, constituted the Venezuelan Corporation of the Oil, and created the OPEC in 1960, by initiative of Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonzo. It concretised an Agricultural Reform and sanctioned a new constitution in 1961. The new order had his antagonists. Betancourt Suffered an attack planned by the dominican dictator Rafael Leónidas Trujillo, and the left-wingers excluded of the Pact initiated an armed insurrection, favoured by the Communist Party and Fidel Castro. Simultaneously, Betancourt promoted an international doctrine in which Venezuela only recognised governments elected by popular vote. In the elections of 1963 resulted elect Raúl Leoni. Although his government was of concord and general understanding, had to lidiar with the continuous attacks ''guerrilleros''. The government of Leoni also stood out by public works and the cultural development. Rafael Caldera won the following elections. Before taking possession in 1969, burst the rebellion of Rupununi in Guyana, that represented an opportunity to attach the Esequibo, demanded by Venezuela. In this context, signed the Protocol of Port Spain in 1970. Pactó The definite truce with the guerrilla and guaranteeed his reintegro to the political life. In 1974 it assumed Carlos Andrés Pérez. In these years increased enormously the entry of currencies like consequence of the crisis of the oil of 1973, when the price of the barrel of oil happened sharply of 3 to 12 $, arriving to the meaning of the Saudi Venezuela. In 1975 the industry of the iron was nationalised and to the following year the one of the oil, creating PDVSA. In 1979, Luis Herrera Campins got the Presidency. He inaugurated multiple cultural and sportive installations. Although the oil income were still in heaves, could not prevent the indebtedness in the international finances, forcing the become attached to the dictámenes of the International Monetary Forum. In 1983 it devaluated the bolívar in the Black Friday, desatando a strong economic crisis. In the government of Jaime Lusinchi, would do little to counter it. The corruption increased and the economic politics kept in shape rentism. On the other hand, in 1987 the Incident of the Corvette Caldas generated one of the greater moments of international tension with Colombia, because of the dispute by the sovereignty on gulf of Venezuela between both nations. Carlos Andrés Pérez is again chosen in 1988 and during his mandate looked for to solve the recession when adopting measures that originated big social protests, the biggest being the Caracazo of 1989. This same year took place the first direct elections of governors and regional mayors. Later they produced two attempts of coup d'état in February and in November of 1992 headed by Hugo Chávez and Pérez went finally displaced by the Congress in 1993. Octavio Lepage was provisional President by few days, until the historian and parliamentary Ramón José Velázquez was designated like interim. Caldera arrives to the presidency for the second time in 1994, tending that handle the strong banking crisis that presented this year. In this chaos, Hugo Chávez as favourite to the presidential elections of 1998, resulted elected. It was supported by the alliance «Patriotic Polo». It promoted afterwards a new constitution, which approved by referendum in December of 1999, bringing achieve the renewal of the Public Power by a National Assembly Constituent conformed in 95% by oficialistas, seeding since scepticism in the Venezuelan society on the independence of powers of the State. The official name of the country turned to the current «Republic Bolivariana of Venezuela», in a clear homage to Simón Bolívar. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Fourth Republic of Venezuela」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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